Hello guys, Here you are going to find some reading strategies which are going to help you become a better reader in the English Language.

Pre-reading :

• Read the tittle and have a look at the pictures of the read, then relate what you know about the topic with the reading title and its picture.

While reading

• Read the text quickly and identify the main purpose of the reading.
• Highlight or underline the main ideas in th e reading.
• Identify the main idea in each paragraph and two supporting ideas.

Post-reading

• Write a summary of the text using your own words.
• Draw a mind map using the summary.
• Rehearse a short presentation using the mind map.

Primordial germ cells.Conversion of germ cells in male and female gametes Development begins with fertilization, a process by which the male gamete esparmatozoide and the female gamete, the oocyte unite to give rise to cigoto.
Gametes derived from primordial germ cell occurring in the epiblasto during the second week of development and that moves to the wall Yolk sac.
During the fourth week of this development cells begin to migrate from the wall of the bag to the developing gonads wing which come towards the end of the fifth week, their number is increased by divisions mitoticas during migration and when they reach the gonads as preparation for fertilization, then is when germ cells esperimentan process called meiosis, which includes gametogenesis to reduce the number of chromosomes and I quote differentiation to complete its maturation.Primordial germ cells and teratomas.•       Teratomas are the origin of tumors discussed that often contain a variety of tissues such as bone, hair, muscles, and other intestinal epithelium. It is thought that these tumors originate starting mothers pluripotent cell that can differentiate in any of the three germ lamins or its derivative. Suguiere some evidence that the primordial germ cells that are away from their normal migratory pattern can be the cause of some of these tumors. Another source is starting cell epiblastica migrating through the line during the primitive gastrulating.

hecho por mercy urda y elsa diaz

NEW RESEARCH ON CELLS

BY: Jorge Buelvas, Yurany Bello, Marco Guevara, Jorge Diaz.

INTRODUCTION

•          In the last few years , the development of the science is the biggest of all the history.The poeple have on a great quantity of information that allows them to be informed about of the  advances scientist.Some of these advances  refer to the following topics:

1.  the  memory impairment with  the past of years
2. frog eggs used in  research involving human cells
3. The schwann cells and  his relation with the multiple sclerosis

THE  MEMORY IMPAIRMENT

•          The deterioration of the memory and cognitive function, is say the thought and the  aptitude of learn, is considered  by many medical authorities as a normal consequence of aging.The people who suffer of this problem have problems of memory,learning,concentration, attention,lenguage use and other mental functions.This process occur in a gradual form ,for this motive sudden cognitive decline is not part of normal aging.

•          For the cognitive impairment associated with age  there is no standard therapy medicated, several agents called “nootropics” can provide improvements in cognitive function.

•          The “nootropics” drugs are specifically used  for facilitate learning and the memory. The “neotropics” drugs that are currently used include Mesilato of Codergocrina,idebenenona and derivatives of a neurotransmitter GABA(vinpocetine,bifemelano,piracetam,oxiracetam and nebracetam.

 FROG EGGS USED IN  RESEARCH INVOLVING HUMAN CELLS

•          Recent research has found that the frog eggs seem to allow the nuclei of adult humans cells revert back  as if to be primitive embryonic cells,It`s easy to get frog eggs and  for their size  are also manageable that the humans cells.from of this model  is being investigated for identify the chemicals that initiate and control  the  process of involving human cells   

 The Cell Cycle (Mitosis)

BY: DIANA CAMPO, YESENIA GARAY, JAIME GOMEZ, JORGE LUIS RODRIGUEZ.

THE CELL CYCLE (MITOSIS) 

INTRODUCTION

The cycle that gives origin to new cells is known as mitosis that is defined as the nuclear division plus cytokinesis, and produces two identical daughter cells.This it is developed in seven stages that are:

4            Interphase

4            Prophase

4            Prometaphase

4            Metaphase

4            Anaphase

4            Telophase

4            Cytokinesis 

In each one of those which happen processes that differ the one of the other one.Interphase is often included in discussions of mitosis, but interphase is technically not part of mitosis, but rather encompasses stages G1, S, and G2 of the cell cycle.   

THE CELL CYCLE 

Interphase: stage of growth of the cell where it gets ready for the division. G1 and G2 (gap 1 and gap 2) are characterized by protein and RNA synthesis, but no DNA synthesis. S (synthesis) is the period of DNA synthesis.                  

 The cell is engaged in metabolic activity and performing its preparation for mitosis. The chromosomes are not observed with clarity in the nucleus.  

Prophase: in this stage, the chromosomes condense in the center. The nucleus disappears. Centrioles moves to the opposed poles of the cell. We can say that it begins the true mitosis. 

Prometaphase: the nuclear membrane is dissolved. Proteins attach to the centromeres creating the kinetochores. Microtubules attach at the kinetochores and the chromosomes begin moving.  

Metaphase: during this stage the chromosomes are positioned in the equatorial planeof the cell. This organization helps to ensure that in the next phase, when the chromosomes are separated. 
 

Anaphase: The paired chromosomes separate at the kinetochores and move to opposite sides of the cell. It is a process of equal allotment of the hereditary material (DNA) characteristic of the cells.

Telophase: the new nucleus is organized: the cromatic is reconstituted, adopting helical form the chromosomes, the nucleus appear, and the nuclear cover is built.  The chromosomes disperse and are no longer visible under the light microscope.  
 

Cytokinesis: it is the division of the cytoplasm, the cell it is divided in two almost same parts. In animal cells, cytokinesis results when a fiber ring composed of a protein called actin around the center of the cell contracts pinching the cell into two daughter cells, each with one nucleus. In plant cells, the rigid wall requires that a cell plate be synthesized between the two daughter cells.  
 

Questions about Cells Cycle  

1.     Which are the stages in those that it is carried out the cellular division? 

2.     Which is it stage but it releases during the cellular cycle? 

3.     How many cells are obtained by mitosis? 

4.     That do they have the cells daughters in common?

RESOURCES 

Look at the web sites given here to find information that will help you answer questions about cell research, and to gather information to use as you write your summary. 

4            www.biology.arizona.edu/Cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/cells3.html – 9k -

4            en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle – 61k -

4            www.cellsalive.com/cell_cycle.htm – 13k -

4            www.ucm.es/info/genetica/grupod/mitosis/mitosis.htm – 28k - 

This task has as a main purpose to explore different viewpoints about the cell.

The Origin of Animal Body Plans

For its first 3 billion years on earth, life was no larger or more sophisticated than a single cell. All of that changed when almost 600 million years ago new, multicellular life forms appear in the fossil record. Starting with simple soft-bodied creatures this evolutionary innovation culminates in the “Cambrian explosion,” a burst of biological creativity unprecedented in earth’s history. The Cambrian epoch saw the creation of hundreds of life forms stranger than anything humanly imaginable. Many of these animals are now extinct, but those that remained established all of the basic bodyplans of all animals that evolved since. Until recently, it was difficult to understand the biological mechanisms underlying the creation and evolution of body architectures, much less establish lines of descendence. But new discoveries in molecular biology and development, as well as new ways of analyzing genetic relationships is helping scientists reconstruct the earliest chapters in the history of life on earth.
 

diapositivas-ingles.ppt 

The Endocrine System is a group of glands which produce different kinds of hormones.

The endocrine system is an integrated system of small organs which involve the release of extracellular signaling molecules known as hormones, it is an information signal system much like the nervous system.

Glands located in many regions of the body release into the bloodstream specific chemical messengers called hormones, which regulate the many and varied functions of an organism.

Glands are: Pineal gland , Pituitary gland ,Thyroid gland ,Thymus ,Adrenal gland or supra-renal gland ,Pancreas ,Ovary ,Testes or testicles. 

Pineal gland: is a small endocrine gland in the brain. It produces melatonin, a hormone that may weakly modulate wake/sleep patterns.

Pituitary gland: is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea that sits in a small, bony cavity (sella turcica) covered by a dural fold (diaphragm sellae) at the base of the brain.

Thyroid gland: The thyroid controls how quickly the body burns energy, makes proteins, and how sensitive the body should be to other hormones.

Thymus: the thymus is an organ located in the upper anterior portion of the chest cavity just behind the sternum. Hormones produced by this organ stimulate the production of certain infection-fighting cells.

Adrenal gland: In mammals, the adrenal glands are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys; their name indicates that position.

Pancreas: is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine systems of vertebrates. It is both exocrine and endocrine (producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin).

Ovary: An ovary is an egg-producing reproductive organ found in female organisms. It is often found in pairs as part of the vertebrate female reproductive system.

Testes or testicles: The testicle producing male sex hormones, of which testosterone is the best-known.

In conclusion the endocrine system is one of the body’s main systems for communicating, controlling and coordinating the body’s work. It works with the nervous system, reproductive system, kidneys, gut, liver and fat to help maintain and control the following:

• body energy levels
• reproduction
• growth and development
• internal balance of body systems, called homeostasis
• responses to surroundings, stress, and injury

Jamie Lee Beltran Mercado, Manuel Ortega Hernandez, victor Alvarado Osorio.

diapositivas os the digestive systemwhat is the function of the mouth?

when is important the digestive system?

wait the stomach is esencial in the digestive system?

the function of the_____________ is passed to food using the process of peristalsys.

Abstract of digestive system

 Introduction:  the Diarrhea occurs when insufficient fluid is absorbed by the colon. As part of the digestion process, or due to fluid intake, food is mixed with large amounts of water. Thus, digested food is essentially liquid prior to reaching the colon. The colon absorbs water, leaving the remaining material as a semisolid stool. If the colon is damaged or inflamed, however, absorption is inhibited, and watery stools result.Metodology: in the university of sucre we go to the people or make polls, Wondering when the last time they had diarrea, and Asking basic laws on the toilet.  Results: The 50% of students who had diarrhea recently not met with the basic laws of toilet. The 75% of people who always abide by the basic laws of hygiene have never submitted diarrea.  Discusión: The comply or not comply with the basic laws of toilet let you decide whether to have a healthy life or not.  Conclusión: The laws are the basic toiletries that allow you to be healthy.To have a healthy life, keep a healthy body by eating healthy food.   

Muscular SystemMuscular SystemMuscular SystemMuscular System

Muscular System

The bones cannot move by themselves. That is the task of the muscles. The muscles that are together to the bones and they allow their movement they call themselves skeletal muscles. The skeletal muscles throw of the bones to move them, they never push them. Most of the muscles work in couples to move the bones.

 The muscle is together to the bone for a resistant cord of fabric called tendon. He/she opens up and he/she closes the hand. Do you see those thin cords that you/they go from the fingers to the arm? They are tendons that you/they go from the muscles of the forearm to the fingers.

 In the organism there are three types of muscles. Besides the skeletal muscles, he/she is the heart muscle and the flat muscles. The heart muscle is the one that forms the heart. The heart is a hollow organ that has four parts, or cameras. The walls of the heart are formed by the heart strong muscle. When this contracts, it expels the blood of the heart. The blood takes oxygen and nutritious to the cells. It also picks up and it transports the waste substances that the cells need to eliminate. When the heart muscle relaxes himself, the heart fills with blood again.

 The flat muscles constitute the internal organs and the sanguine glasses. These muscles are not together to the bones, but rather they contribute to the operation of other parts of the organism. There are flat muscles in the stomach and in the bowels.

 The muscles can be classified according to how their activity is controlled. The heart muscle and the flat muscles are involuntary muscles: their movements cannot be controlled. Most of the skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles: their movements can be controlled. Some muscles are voluntary and involuntary at the same time. An example is that of the big muscle and plan that it is under the lungs. The group of the muscles form the muscular system. You can take care of your muscles exercising physical, eating appropriately, resting enough, and avoiding to take steroids.

Muscular System

The bones cannot move by themselves. That is the task of the muscles. The muscles that are together to the bones and they allow their movement they call themselves skeletal muscles. The skeletal muscles throw of the bones to move them, they never push them. Most of the muscles work in couples to move the bones.

The muscle is together to the bone for a resistant cord of fabric called tendon. He/she opens up and he/she closes the hand. Do you see those thin cords that you/they go from the fingers to the arm? They are tendons that you/they go from the muscles of the forearm to the fingers. In the organism there are three types of muscles. Besides the skeletal muscles, he/she is the heart muscle and the flat muscles. The heart muscle is the one that forms the heart. The heart is a hollow organ that has four parts, or cameras. The walls of the heart are formed by the heart strong muscle. When this contracts, it expels the blood of the heart. The blood takes oxygen and nutritious to the cells. It also picks up and it transports the waste substances that the cells need to eliminate. When the heart muscle relaxes himself, the heart fills with blood again. The flat muscles constitute the internal organs and the sanguine glasses. These muscles are not together to the bones, but rather they contribute to the operation of other parts of the organism. There are flat muscles in the stomach and in the bowels.

 The muscles can be classified according to how their activity is controlled. The heart muscle and the flat muscles are involuntary muscles: their movements cannot be controlled. Most of the skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles: their movements can be controlled. Some muscles are voluntary and involuntary at the same time. An example is that of the big muscle and plan that it is under the lungs. The group of the muscles form the muscular system. You can take care of your muscles exercising physical, eating appropriately, resting enough, and avoiding to take steroids.